[Neurocysticercosis, its clinical and tomographic correlation. Reply]. / Neurocisticercosis, correlación clínica y tomográfica. Réplica.

TITLE: Neurocisticercosis, correlación clínica y tomográfica. Réplica.

[Correlation between clinical and tomographic variables in patients with neurocysticercosis. A study in a cohort of patients in Sierra Norte, Ecuador, between 2019 and 2020]. / Correlación entre variables clínicas y tomográficas en pacientes con neurocisticercosis. Estudio en una cohorte de pacientes de la Sierra Norte ecuatoriana entre 2019 y 2020.

INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most frequent parasitic disease in the central nervous system of humans. OBJECTIVE: to establish the correlation between clinical and tomographic variables in patients with neurocysticercosis in the neurology consultation of Hospital San Vicente de Paul and Hospital IESS Ibarra, during the year 2020. PATIENTS AND METHODS: descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional research. POPULATION AND SAMPLE: 93 patients. The information was collected in the neurology consultation. Clinical and imaging criteria were used for diagnosis. Odds Ratio (OR; 95% CI) was calculated. For multivariate analysis, binary logistic regression models were used. Statistical significance was considered when the value of p <0.05. SYMPTOMS: headache (77.4%), epilepsy (41.9%). Tomographic findings: size < 1 cm (67.7%), single lesion (54.8%), supratentorial (93.5%). There were several clinical / tomographic correlations in the bivariate analysis, the presence of epilepsy was associated with lesions of size >1 cm (OR: 9.65; 95% CI: 3.48-26.7), the vesicular + ventricular colloidal stage + nodular (OR: 3.90; 95% CI: 1.64-9.28) and parenchymal topography (OR: 5.03; 95% CI: 2.03-12.4) (p < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, epilepsy was not associated with tomographic aspects such as the size, stage and topography of the cysticerci (p < 0.05). Headache and reduced muscle strength were associated with parenchymal topography and stage of lesions respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite having a wide clinical spectrum, the presence of epilepsy, headache, and reduced muscle strength seem to be the most representative manifestations, so their inclusion in the development of prognostic scores should be evaluated, which allow evaluating the approach diagnostic and evolutionary in subsequent research.

TITLE: Correlación entre variables clínicas y tomográficas en pacientes con neurocisticercosis. Estudio en una cohorte de pacientes de la Sierra Norte ecuatoriana entre 2019 y 2020.Introducción. La neurocisticercosis es la enfermedad parasitaria más frecuente en el sistema nervioso central de los humanos. Objetivo. Establecer la correlación entre variables clínicas y tomográficas en pacientes con neurocisticercosis en la consulta de neurología del Hospital San Vicente de Paúl y el Hospital Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social de Ibarra durante 2020. Pacientes y métodos. Investigación descriptiva, correlacional y transversal. Población y muestra: 93 pacientes. La información se recolectó en la consulta de neurología. Para el diagnóstico se utilizaron criterios clínicos e imagenológicos. Se calculó la odds ratio (OR) ­intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC 95%)­. Para el análisis multivariado, se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística binaria. Se consideró significación estadística cuando p menor de 0,05. Resultados. Síntomas: cefalea (77,4%) y crisis epilépticas (41,9%). Hallazgos tomográficos: tamaño menor de 1 cm (67,7%), lesión única (54,8%) y lesión supratentorial (93,5%). Hubo varias correlaciones clinicotomográficas en el análisis bivariado: la presencia de crisis epilépticas se asoció con lesiones de tamaño > 1 cm (OR: 9,65; IC 95%: 3,48-26,7), el estadio vesicular + ventricular coloidal + nodular (OR: 3,9; IC 95%: 1,64-9,28) y la topografía parenquimatosa (OR: 5,03; IC 95%: 2,03-12,4) (p menor de 0,05). La cefalea y la reducción de la fuerza muscular se asociaron con topografía parenquimatosa y estadio de las lesiones, respectivamente (p menor de 0,05). Conclusiones. A pesar de cursar con un amplio espectro clínico, la presencia de crisis epilépticas, cefalea y reducción de la fuerza muscular parece ser la manifestación más representativa, por lo que debería evaluarse su inclusión en el desarrollo de puntuaciones pronósticas que permitan evaluar el enfoque diagnóstico y evolutivo por estudio de imagen en investigaciones posteriores.

Correlación entre variables clínicas y tomográficas en pacientes con neurocisticercosis. Estudio en una cohorte de pacientes de la Sierra Norte ecuatoriana entre 2019 y 2020 / Correlation between clinical and tomographic variables in patients with neurocysticercosis. A study in a cohort of patients in Sierra Norte, Ecuador, between 2019 and 2020

Introducción: La neurocisticercosis es la enfermedad parasitaria más frecuente en el sistema nervioso central de los humanos. Objetivo: Establecer la correlación entre variables clínicas y tomográficas en pacientes con neurocisticercosis en la consulta de neurología del Hospital San Vicente de Paúl y el Hospital Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social de Ibarra durante 2020. Pacientes y métodos: Investigación descriptiva, correlacional y transversal. Población y muestra: 93 pacientes. La información se recolectó en la consulta de neurología. Para el diagnóstico se utilizaron criterios clínicos e imagenológicos. Se calculó la odds ratio (OR) –intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC 95%)–. Para el análisis multivariado, se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística binaria. Se consideró significación estadística cuando p < 0,05. Resultados: Síntomas: cefalea (77,4%) y crisis epilépticas (41,9%). Hallazgos tomográficos: tamaño < 1 cm (67,7%), lesión única (54,8%) y lesión supratentorial (93,5%). Hubo varias correlaciones clinicotomográficas en el análisis bivariado: la presencia de crisis epilépticas se asoció con lesiones de tamaño > 1 cm (OR: 9,65; IC 95%: 3,48-26,7), el estadio vesicular + ventricular coloidal + nodular (OR: 3,9; IC 95%: 1,64-9,28) y la topografía parenquimatosa (OR: 5,03; IC 95%: 2,03-12,4) (p < 0,05). La cefalea y la reducción de la fuerza muscular se asociaron con topografía parenquimatosa y estadio de las lesiones, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: A pesar de cursar con un amplio espectro clínico, la presencia de crisis epilépticas, cefalea y reducción de la fuerza muscular parece ser la manifestación más representativa, por lo que debería evaluarse su inclusión en el desarrollo de puntuaciones pronósticas que permitan evaluar el enfoque diagnóstico y evolutivo por estudio de imagen en investigaciones posteriores.(AU)

Introduction: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most frequent parasitic disease in the central nervous system of humans. Objective. to establish the correlation between clinical and tomographic variables in patients with neurocysticercosis in the neurology consultation of Hospital San Vicente de Paúl and Hospital IESS Ibarra, during the year 2020. Patients and methods: descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional research. Population and sample: 93 patients. The information was collected in the neurology consultation. Clinical and imaging criteria were used for diagnosis. Odds Ratio (OR; 95% CI) was calculated. For multivariate analysis, binary logistic regression models were used. Statistical significance was considered when the value of p <0.05. Results: Symptoms: headache (77.4%), epilepsy (41.9%). Tomographic findings: size < 1 cm (67.7%), single lesion (54.8%), supratentorial (93.5%). There were several clinical / tomographic correlations in the bivariate analysis, the presence of epilepsy was associated with lesions of size >1 cm (OR: 9.65; 95% CI: 3.48-26.7), the vesicular + ventricular colloidal stage + nodular (OR: 3.90; 95% CI: 1.64-9.28) and parenchymal topography (OR: 5.03; 95% CI: 2.03-12.4) (p < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, epilepsy was not associated with tomographic aspects such as the size, stage and topography of the cysticerci (p < 0.05). Headache and reduced muscle strength were associated with parenchymal topography and stage of lesions respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite having a wide clinical spectrum, the presence of epilepsy, headache, and reduced muscle strength seem to be the most representative manifestations, so their inclusion in the development of prognostic scores should be evaluated, which allow evaluating the approach diagnostic and evolutionary in subsequent research.(AU)

Psychophysiological Correlates of Emotional- and Alcohol-Related Cues Processing in Offspring of Alcohol-Dependent Patients.

AIMS: To determinate if offspring of alcohol-dependent patients (OA) process affective stimuli and alcohol-related cues in a different manner than control subjects do. METHODS: Event-related potentials (early posterior negativity [EPN]/ late positive potential [LPP]) and event-related oscillations (Theta) were obtained by electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during the viewing of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images with positive, negative and neutral valence, as well as alcohol-related cues. The total sample was comprised of 60 participants, divided into two groups: one group consisted of OA (30) and the control group of participants with negative family history of alcohol use disorders (30). RESULTS: Theta power analysis implies a significant interaction between condition, region and group factors. Post-hoc analysis indicates an increased theta power for the OA at different regions, during pleasant (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, right temporal); unpleasant (frontal, central, occipital); alcohol (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, right and left temporal) and neutral (occipital) cues. There are no group differences regarding any of the event-related potential measurements (EPN/LPP). CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of alterations in the processing of affective stimuli and alcohol-related information, evidenced by changes in theta brain oscillations. These alterations are characterized by an increased emotional reactivity, evidenced by increased theta at posterior sites. There is also an increased recruitment of emotion control, which could be a compensation mechanism, evidenced by increased theta power at anterior sites during affective stimuli and alcohol cues.

[Self-awareness as a key process for rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain injury: a systematic review]. / Conciencia de déficit como proceso clave en la rehabilitación de pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido: revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Self-awareness impairment is a common symptom of patients after suffering acquired brain injury, affecting the rehabilitation process and achievements in terms of patients's daily living functionality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed using Scopus and PubMed databases of scientific articles that address self-awareness in patients with brain injury between 2000 and 2019. Finally, 65 articles were reviewed. RESULTS: As a metacognitive process, self-awareness is linked to other higher order cognitive domains such an executive functions and memory. In recent years, specific intervention programs for self-awareness have been developed and implemented, and have proved their effectiveness, by using different techniques (i.e. psychoeducation and feedback). Considering the importance of assessing the success of the self-awareness interventions in terms of functional improvement, some studies have explored the generalization and transfer of results from those interventions to activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: Research in self-awareness in patients with acquired brain injury has developed significantly in recent years, considering the neuropsychological, psychological and social factors of this phenomenon. The promising future of research in this field points at its inclusion as screening tool in the assessment protocols and, if applicable, its individualized intervention, contributing to an effective global rehabilitation that affects patient's quality of life.

TITLE: Conciencia de déficit como proceso clave en la rehabilitación de pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido: revisión sistemática.Introducción. La afectación de la conciencia de déficit es un síntoma habitual de los pacientes que sufren una lesión cerebral, que afecta al proceso rehabilitador y a los logros en términos de independencia funcional del paciente. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases bibliográficas Scopus y PubMed de los trabajos científicos que han abordado la conciencia de déficit en pacientes con daño cerebral entre 2000 y 2019. Finalmente se revisaron 65 artículos. Resultados. La conciencia de déficit como proceso metacognitivo está ligada a otros procesos cognitivos de orden superior, como las funciones ejecutivas y la memoria. En los últimos años, se han diseñado e implementado programas de intervención específicos sobre conciencia de déficit que han demostrado su eficacia mediante la incorporación de diferentes técnicas (por ejemplo, psicoeducación y feedback). Ante la necesidad de evaluar el éxito de la intervención sobre la conciencia de déficit en términos de mejora funcional, algunos trabajos han estudiado la generalización y la trasferencia de los resultados de la intervención sobre la conciencia de déficit a las actividades de la vida diaria. Conclusiones. La investigación en conciencia de déficit en pacientes con daño cerebral se ha desarrollado de forma significativa en los últimos años, considerando los factores neuropsicológicos, psicológicos y sociales de este fenómeno. Su futuro prometedor apunta hacia su incorporación como cribado en los protocolos de evaluación y, en su caso, su intervención de forma específica, lo que contribuirá a una rehabilitación eficaz que repercuta en la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

P3 Component as a Potential Endophenotype for Control Inhibition in Offspring of Alcoholics.

AIMS: To assess inhibitory processes and the ongoing event-related potential (ERP) activity of offspring of alcoholics (OA) during a Go/No-Go task, with the purpose of characterizing possible psychophysiological endophenotypes for alcohol-dependent vulnerability. SHORT SUMMARY: EEG recordings and ERP measurements of young adults with positive and negative family history of alcoholism where obtained while they performed a Go/No-Go task to assess inhibitory processes. Offspring of alcoholics showed a different ERP pattern compared to the control group and exerted greater effort than the control group. METHODS: ERP measurements were obtained by electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of 65 participants divided into two groups: one group of 30 subjects with positive family history of alcoholism and a control group of 35 subjects with negative family history of alcoholism. They performed a Go/No-Go task, where each individual was required to classify visual stimuli by colour (Go) and inhibit their response to a No-Go signal. RESULTS: OA have higher P3 amplitudes during the Go condition in all of the regions analysed and higher No-Go P3 amplitudes than control subjects in the frontal region. Unlike controls, OA have no differences between the P3 amplitudes across conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of differences between the P3 Go and No-Go observed in the OA group can be interpreted as a possible alteration related with inhibition, in a way that they may need to recruit similar resources for inhibitory and classificational processes for both conditions. Therefore, the P3 component may be considered as a useful endophenotype and a vulnerability marker to develop addictive behaviour.

Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica sobre el efecto del consumo de estatinas en las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la miastenia gravis / Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production as regards statin use for ophthalmological symptoms of myasthenia gravis

Introducción: Los pacientes con miastenia gravis (MG) suelen empezar con afectación de la musculatura ocular. Es relevante que el oftalmólogo disponga de información actualizada del estado de la investigación respecto a la relación de esta enfermedad con el consumo de fármacos, como las estatinas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico, utilizando la base de datos Scopus y aplicando una estrategia de búsqueda consistente en la selección de documentos que contuvieran los descriptores referidos a estatinas en el campo «Título» («TI») y los descriptores «ophthalm*», «myast*», «visual*» en cualquier otro campo del documento (de 1986 a 2015). Resultados: Los resultados confirman que, mientras el número de publicaciones científicas sobre efectos oftalmológicos de las estatinas ha crecido linealmente (n = 838; y = 2,267x-4507,1; r = 0,7221; tiempo de duplicación: 4,66 años y tasa de crecimiento anual: 50,06%), las publicaciones específicas sobre MG han experimentado un crecimiento exponencial (n = 38; y = 2E-262e0,3001x; r = 0,3892; tiempo de duplicación: 2,95 años y tasa de crecimiento anual: 46,25%), sin que se haya alcanzado la saturación postulada en la teoría de Price de la expansión de la literatura científica. La mayor parte de las publicaciones relativas a la MG son reportes de casos vinculados a un empeoramiento de la sintomatología de la MG, y los agentes que más publicaciones aportan son simvastatina y atorvastatina. Conclusiones: Estos resultados permitirán al oftalmólogo ampliar su conocimiento respecto a la evolución de la investigación sobre estatinas y MG y reflejan un interés creciente por la relación entre el consumo de ambas, señal de la relevancia de dicha relación causal (AU)

Introduction: The first symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG) usually involve weakness of the ocular muscles, making it relevant that ophthalmologists have updated information on studies as regards its relationship with the consumption of drugs, such as statins. Materials and methods: A bibliometric analysis was performed using the Scopus database and by a search strategy in the selection of documents containing descriptors related to statins in the «Title» («TI») field and the descriptors «ophthalm *, «myast *, «visual * in other fields of the document (period 1986-2015). Results: The results showed that, while the number of scientific publications on ocular effects of statins has grown lineally (n = 838; y = 2.267x-4507.1; r = 0.7221; time of duplication: 4.66 years, and rate of annual growth: 50.06%), the specific publications about MG have experienced an exponential growth (n = 38; y = 2E-262e0.3001x; r = 0.3892; time of duplication: 2.95 years, and rate of annual growth: 46.25%) without reaching the saturation postulated in Price theory of the expansion of the scientific literature. The majority of publications relating to MG are reports of cases linked to a worsening of the MG symptoms, and simvastatin and atorvastatin are the agents mentioned in most of the publications. Conclusions: These results should enable ophthalmologists to expand their knowledge concerning the evolution of studies on statins and MG, pointing out the relevance of such causal relationships (AU)

[Prevalence and risk factors for periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants. A systematic review]. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de leucomalacia periventricular en recien nacidos prematuros. Revision sistematica.

INTRODUCTION: There is a huge disparity in the description of the prevalence and risk factors of periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants. AIMS: To describe and compare, through a systematic review of the literature, the prevalence of periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants, as well as to determine the main risk factors associated with its presentation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted consulting multiple databases of the last 20 years. The search terms were: periventricular leukomalacia, prevalence, risk factors and premature birth. We included all studies that mention or led to the prevalence of periventricular leukomalacia and those that referred to its risk factors. RESULTS: Of the 209 studies identified, we selected 107 studies in which the prevalence of periventricular leukomalacia was mentioned or the risk factors were described. A stratified analysis was performed for the diagnostic technique and gestational age, in addition to a narrative synthesis. Ultrasound detected a prevalence of 14.7% and magnetic resonance of 32.8%. Prevalence in children under 28 weeks was 39.6%; 27.4% in children under 32 weeks and 7.3% in children under 37 weeks. Risk factors include gestational age, intrauterine infection, premature rupture of membranes and chorioamnionitis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants is heterogeneous, increases according to the degree of prematurity and is better detected by magnetic resonance. There are multiple factors related to its presentation, the main factor is gestational age.

TITLE: Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de leucomalacia periventricular en recien nacidos prematuros. Revision sistematica.Introduccion. Existe una enorme disparidad en cuanto a la descripcion de la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo de la leucomalacia ventricular en los prematuros. Objetivos. Describir y comparar, a traves de una revision sistematica de la bibliografia, la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo de la leucomalacia periventricular en los prematuros. Sujetos y metodos. Se realizo una revision sistematica consultando multiples bases de datos de los ultimos 20 anos. Los terminos de busqueda fueron: leucomalacia periventricular, prevalencia, factores de riesgo y recien nacidos prematuros. Se incluyeron todos los estudios que senalaran o condujeran a la obtencion de la prevalencia de la leucomalacia periventricular y los que hicieran referencia a sus factores de riesgo. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 107 estudios en los que se menciono o condujo a la obtencion de la prevalencia de la leucomalacia periventricular o en los que se describian los factores de riesgo. Se efectuo un analisis estratificado para la tecnica de diagnostico y la edad gestacional, ademas de una sintesis narrativa. Ecograficamente se detecto una prevalencia del 14,7%, y con resonancia magnetica, del 32,8%. La prevalencia en menores de 28 semanas fue del 39,6%; en menores de 32 semanas, del 27,4%; y en menores de 37 semanas, del 7,3%. Entre los factores de riesgo destacan la edad gestacional, infeccion intrauterina, ruptura prematura de membranas y corioamnionitis. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la leucomalacia periventricular en prematuros es heterogenea, aumenta segun el grado de prematuridad y se detecta mejor con resonancia magnetica; existen multiples factores relacionados con su presentacion, y el principal es la edad gestacional.

Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production as regards statin use for ophthalmological symptoms of myasthenia gravis. / Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica sobre el efecto del consumo de estatinas en las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la miastenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION: The first symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG) usually involve weakness of the ocular muscles, making it relevant that ophthalmologists have updated information on studies as regards its relationship with the consumption of drugs, such as statins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliometric analysis was performed using the Scopus database and by a search strategy in the selection of documents containing descriptors related to statins in the «Title¼ («TI¼) field and the descriptors «ophthalm *', «myast *', «visual *' in other fields of the document (period 1986-2015). RESULTS: The results showed that, while the number of scientific publications on ocular effects of statins has grown lineally (n=838; y=2.267x-4507.1; r=0.7221; time of duplication: 4.66 years, and rate of annual growth: 50.06%), the specific publications about MG have experienced an exponential growth (n=38; y=2E-262e0.3001x; r=0.3892; time of duplication: 2.95 years, and rate of annual growth: 46.25%) without reaching the saturation postulated in Price theory of the expansion of the scientific literature. The majority of publications relating to MG are reports of cases linked to a worsening of the MG symptoms, and simvastatin and atorvastatin are the agents mentioned in most of the publications. CONCLUSIONS: These results should enable ophthalmologists to expand their knowledge concerning the evolution of studies on statins and MG, pointing out the relevance of such causal relationships.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines involvement in the hesperidin antihyperalgesic effects at peripheral and central levels in a neuropathic pain model.

Emerging evidence proposes a link between immune changes and pain, which is consistent with the inflammation theory and the increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids have long been used because of their anti-inflammatory potential activity and they are considered a promising alternative to alleviate neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the antihyperalgesic effect of hesperidin and the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines evaluated at peripheral and central levels in the chronic constriction injury as model of neuropathic pain in rats. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed in the aesthesiometer and plantar tests, respectively, as related to the presence of cytokines concentrations (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6) in sciatic nerve and segments of the spinal cord after 15 days chronic constriction injury model in rats receiving vehicle or hesperidin. Antihyperalgesic response of hesperidin (100 mg/kg) was associated to the presence of cytokines mainly at several sections of the spinal cord suggesting not only peripheral but also its involvement in central sensitization in the experimental neuropathic pain.

Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica española en el área de la Optometría / Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production in the area of Optometry

OBJETIVO: En el presente trabajo hemos analizado, desde un enfoque bibliométrico, las publicaciones científicas de los investigadores españoles en el área de la Optometría, desde que se tienen datos de publicaciones (1974) hasta el año 2013. MÉTODO: Para realizar el estudio se utilizó la base de datos EMBASE, y se utilizaron los descriptores «optomtr*», «optic*», «visual», «vision», «eye*» y «ophthalm*». Sobre los documentos seleccionados, hemos aplicado los indicadores bibliométricos más usuales. RESULTADOS: El número de documentos recopilados para España en el periodo 1974-2013 fue de 1.055. El crecimiento de las publicaciones se adapta más a un ajuste exponencial (R = 0,93) que del lineal (R = 0,71). El tiempo de duplicación de la producción científica es de 3,63 años. El nivel de productividad corresponde mayoritariamente a pequeños productores (índice de transitoriedad del 64%). El índice de coautoría es de 4,4 firmas por artículo. La mayoría de producción se produce en el ámbito de la universidad, con el 62,27%. El núcleo de Bradford lo forman 4 revistas, siendo la que cuenta con mayor número de publicaciones Optometry and Vision Science, que aglutina el 11,85% de los artículos. CONCLUSIONES: La situación de la investigación en Optometría en España se encuentra en una fase de crecimiento exponencial, con un alto grado de autores ocasionales, que puede indicar una baja productividad o la presencia de investigadores de otras especialidades relacionadas, que de forma esporádica han publicado en esta área. Un pequeño grupo de equipos e investigación es responsable de una gran parte de las aportaciones, produciéndose la mayoría de la investigación en la universidad. Existe una alta concentración de publicaciones en un número reducido de revistas

OBJECTIVE: Using a bibliometric approach an analysis was made of the scientific publications of Spanish investigators in the area of optometry, from 1974 until 2013. METHODS: The EMBASE database was used for this study, employing optomtr*, optic*, visual, vision, eye*, and ophthalm* as search terms. The most common bibliometric indicators were applied for the selected publications. RESULTS: The number of published articles retrieved for Spain from 1974-2013 was 1,055. The growth of publications was more exponential (R = 0.93) than linear (R= 0.71). The doubling time of scientific production was 3.63 years. The level of productivity primarily corresponded to small producers (Transience index of 64%). The collaboration index was 4.4 authors per paper. The majority of the output was generated in academic settings (62.27%). The Bradford core was formed by four journals, in which Optometry and Vision Science accounted for the majority of publications, with 11.85%. CONCLUSIONS: Research in the area of optometry in Spain is in a phase of exponential growth, containing a high level of transient authors, which may indicate either a low productivity or the presence of investigators from other related fields that have published in a sporadic manner in this area. A small number of research groups are responsible for producing the majority of articles, primarily in an academic setting. There is a high concentration of publications in a few journals

Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production in the area of Optometry.

OBJECTIVE: Using a bibliometric approach an analysis was made of the scientific publications of Spanish investigators in the area of optometry, from 1974 until 2013. METHODS: The EMBASE database was used for this study, employing optomtr*, optic*, visual, vision, eye*, and ophthalm* as search terms. The most common bibliometric indicators were applied for the selected publications. RESULTS: The number of published articles retrieved for Spain from 1974-2013 was 1,055. The growth of publications was more exponential (R=0.93) than linear (R= 0.71). The doubling time of scientific production was 3.63 years. The level of productivity primarily corresponded to small producers (Transience index of 64%). The collaboration index was 4.4 authors per paper. The majority of the output was generated in academic settings (62.27%). The Bradford core was formed by four journals, in which Optometry and Vision Science accounted for the majority of publications, with 11.85%. CONCLUSIONS: Research in the area of optometry in Spain is in a phase of exponential growth, containing a high level of transient authors, which may indicate either a low productivity or the presence of investigators from other related fields that have published in a sporadic manner in this area. A small number of research groups are responsible for producing the majority of articles, primarily in an academic setting. There is a high concentration of publications in a few journals.

La sífilis y la experimentación en humanos: perspectiva histórica y reflexiones éticas. De la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la actualidad / Syphilis and Human Experimentation From World War II to the Present: A Historical Perspective and Reflections on Ethics

Incluso después de la promulgación del código de Nuremberg las investigaciones sobre sífilis continuaron alejándose en muchas ocasiones de los estándares éticos. En este artículo hemos revisado las investigaciones que sobre esta enfermedad tuvieron lugar después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, centrándonos en los casos de Guatemala y de Tuskegee. En Guatemala durante los a˜nos 1946 a 1948 se inoculó deliberadamente a más de 1.000 adultos sífilis, cancroide y gonorrea, y se hicieron miles de serologías a poblaciones indígenas o a ni˜nos huérfanos. El experimento Tuskegee sobre sífilis fue realizado entre 1932 y 1972 por el Servicio Público de Salud de los Estados Unidos para estudiar la evolución natural de esta enfermedad en ausencia de tratamiento. Se realizó sobre un grupo de población rural de raza negra y no se interrumpió a pesar de la introducción de tratamientos eficaces para la resolución de la enfermedad durante estos años (1945)

Even after the Nuremberg code was published, research on syphilis often continued to fall far short of ethical standards. We review post-World War II research on this disease, focusing on the work carried out in Guatemala and Tuskegee. Over a thousand adults were deliberately inoculated with infectious material for syphilis, hancroid, and gonorrhea between 1946 and 1948 in Guatemala, and thousands of serologies were performed in individuals belonging to indigenous populations or sheltered in orphanages. The Tuskegee syphilis study, conducted by the US Public Health Service, took place between 1932 and 1972 with the aim of following the natural history of the disease when left untreated. The subjects belonged to a rural black population and the study was not halted when effective treatment for syphilis became available in 1945

Experimentación en sífilis hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial: historia y reflexiones éticas / Syphilis and Human Experimentation From the First Appearance of the Disease to World War II: A Historical Perspective and Reflections on Ethics

Durante siglos la sífilis ha sido objeto de investigación por parte de los médicos, dado que la etiología, la forma de contagio, la profilaxis y el tratamiento eran desconocidos. En muchas ocasiones las investigaciones se han alejado de los estándares éticos actuales. En este artículo hemos revisado desde un punto de vista histórico y ético las investigaciones que sobre esta enfermedad se han ido realizando a lo largo de los siglos, centrándonos sobre todo en aquellos experimentos realizados en el siglo XX. Describimos con detalle los estudios realizados en los años que tuvieron lugar alrededor de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: experimentos realizados por los médicos norteamericanos en prisiones de Estados Unidos, la sífilis en la Alemania nazi o los ensayos realizados por los japoneses en centros de experimentación creados a tal fin en los territorios ocupados

Physicians have conducted research on syphilis for centuries, seeking to understand its etiology and the means of transmission as well as find ways to prevent and cure the disease. Their research practices often strayed from today's ethical standards. In this paper we review ethical aspects of the long history of research on syphilis with emphasis on the experiments performed in the 20th century. The description of research around the time of World War II covers medical experiments carried out in US prisons and in the experimentation centers established by Japanese doctors in occupied territory, as well as experiments in Nazi Germany and the treatment of syphilitics there

Syphilis and human experimentation from World War II to the present: a historical perspective and reflections on ethics.

Even after the Nuremberg code was published, research on syphilis often continued to fall far short of ethical standards. We review post-World War II research on this disease, focusing on the work carried out in Guatemala and Tuskegee. Over a thousand adults were deliberately inoculated with infectious material for syphilis, chancroid, and gonorrhea between 1946 and 1948 in Guatemala, and thousands of serologies were performed in individuals belonging to indigenous populations or sheltered in orphanages. The Tuskegee syphilis study, conducted by the US Public Health Service, took place between 1932 and 1972 with the aim of following the natural history of the disease when left untreated. The subjects belonged to a rural black population and the study was not halted when effective treatment for syphilis became available in 1945.

Evidence of mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory/antinociceptive activities of acacetin.

BACKGROUND: Acacetin is a bioflavonoid with pharmacological properties such as antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory activities. However, scientific evidence of its spectrum activity and mechanisms of action is unknown. METHODS: Acacetin administered via i.p. was assessed using several nociceptive experimental models such as the writhing test, the formalin test and carrageenan paw oedema in the thermal plantar tests (Hargreaves method) in mice, as well as the pain-induced functional impairment model in rat (PIFIR model). RESULTS: Acacetin produced a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of the writhes with an ED50 = 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, acacetin inhibited licking and shaking associated with nociceptive behaviour mainly in the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. No significant differences were observed in the plantar test in mice, but a minor response was obtained in the PIFIR model. Animals receiving pre-treatment of WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.), flumazenil (3 mg/kg, i.p.) or naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) partially reduced the antinociceptive response of acacetin in the writhing test. Presence of the inhibitors in the NO-cGMP-K(+) channel pathway did not modify the antinociceptive effect of acacetin in the writhing or the formalin test. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that systemic administration of acacetin decreased visceral and inflammatory nociception and prevented the formalin-induced oedema. In the mechanism of the acacetin antinociceptive effect, 5-HT1A, GABA/BDZs and opioid receptors but not the NO-cGMP-K(+) channel pathway seem to be involved. The data presented prove acacetin to be potentially useful in the therapy of pain-related diseases.

Syphilis and human experimentation from the first appearance of the disease to World War II: a historical perspective and reflections on ethics.

Physicians have conducted research on syphilis for centuries, seeking to understand its etiology and the means of transmission as well as find ways to prevent and cure the disease. Their research practices often strayed from today's ethical standards. In this paper we review ethical aspects of the long history of research on syphilis with emphasis on the experiments performed in the 20th century. The description of research around the time of World War II covers medical experiments carried out in US prisons and in the experimentation centers established by Japanese doctors in occupied territory, as well as experiments in Nazi Germany and the treatment of syphilitics there.

Sinergia en analgesia. ¿Dónde comienza y dónde acaba? / No disponible

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La glándula pineal como instrumento físico de las facultades del alma: una conexión histórica persistente / The pineal gland as physical tool of the soul faculties: a persistent historical connection

Introducción: La ubicación anatómica del alma humana ha constituido un controvertido motivo de discusión en los ámbitos filosófico, teológico y científico a lo largo de la historia. Una de las hipótesis más conocidas sobre este tema fue propuesta por Descartes, para quien el alma se alojaría en la glándula pineal, órgano cerebral cuya especial localización le permitiría dirigir adecuadamente el funcionamiento del cuerpo humano.Desarrollo: En el presente trabajo, analizaremos las influencias históricas que posibilitaron el modelo cartesiano de relación entre el pensamiento (res cogitans) y la extensión (cuerpo-máquina) y las bases técnicas de su principio de dualismo espíritu-materia. En materia filosófica, Descartes se apoyó en los planteamientos de San Agustín y en materia fisiológica y anatómica adoptó gran parte de las teorías vigentes desde la Antigüedad clásica, fundamentalmente las propuestas de la escuela neumática alejandrina (Herófilo, Erasístrato) en relación con los espíritus animales. Asimismo, también podría conocer las hipótesis de algunos anatomistas coetáneos (Diemerbroeck), que establecían la localización del sensorium commune en la glándula pineal (AU)

Introduction: The anatomic seat of the human soul has been a controversial matter of discussion in the philosophical, theological and scientific fields throughout history. One of more known hypotheses on this subject was proposed by Descartes, for whom the soul would host in the pineal gland, a brain body with a special location that would adequately address the functionalism of the human body.Development: In this work, we discuss the historical influences which made possible the Cartesian model of the relationship between spirit (res cogitans) and body-machine (res extensa) and the technical bases of his dualism doctrine. In philosophical terms, Descartes supported Augustine approaches and in physiological and anatomical terms adopted some theories of the classical Antiquity, essentially the proposals of Alexandrian pneumatic school (Herophilos, Erasistratus) in relation to the animal spirits. Descartes might also have known the hypotheses of some contemporary anatomists (Diemerbroeck) which established the location of sensorium commune in the pineal gland. Conclusions: Although Cartesian theories had strong criticism even in his time, some aspects of these postulates remained up to mid 19th century (AU)